Clauses of Contrast, Purpose, Reason and Result

1. Clauses of Contrast

Used to show opposition or unexpected outcomes.

• Although / Even though + subject + verb: Although it was raining, we went out.
• Despite / In spite of + noun / -ing: Despite the rain, we went out.
• However / Nevertheless: Used with a comma at the start of a second sentence. It was raining. However, we went out.

2. Clauses of Purpose

Used to explain why someone does something.

• To + infinitive: I went to the shop to buy bread.
• In order (not) to / So as (not) to + infinitive: More formal. He left early in order to catch the train.
• So that + clause: Often used with modal verbs (can, could, would). I'll give you a map so that you don't get lost.
• In case + clause: To talk about precautions. Take an umbrella in case it rains.

4. Clauses of Result

• So + clause: I was tired, so I went to bed.
• Therefore / Consequently / As a result: Formal. The company lost money. Therefore, it had to close.